There, networks were constructed using gangs as nodes and directed homicides between gangs as directed links. Estimates vary wildly as to how many have died in drug-related violence since the war officially began but it is thought to be at least 150,000. For the year 2014, homicides reduced in a 75% compared with 2011. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. performed calculations, cured the OSM data, made the figures, analyzed the results, wrote the manuscript. In the figure we also depict some considered key moments in the evolution of the homicide rates in Nuevo Len. 8 we depict the neighborhoods with at least one weekly correlation. Nexos, June 2011, 1 (2011). Kim, Y.-A. Probably, both phenomena should be explained by the fact that they are transit-only places. This network shows those neighborhoods with at least one correlation, given by the appearance of at least one homicide in the same week. Kitts, J. The city of Chicago had 797 murders in 2021!This is the dream that MLK was talking about. For more stories like this, check our news page. If the value is 0, it means it is perceived as very low, and if the value is 100, it means it is perceived as very high. In the figure it can be appreciated that the freeway cross 11 out of the 25 highly correlated neighborhoods (circles with names). Book Felbab-Brown warned the coming year could be a long and hard one for war-weary Mexico. And Arab slavery pre-dated Trans-Atlantic European slavery by centuries, dumbass. However, visitors should be aware of the risks of crime and violence in Monterrey, as the city has a high rate of homicide. The U.S. government has limited ability to provide emergency services to U.S. citizens in many areas of Mexico, as travel by U.S. government employees to certain areas is prohibited or restricted. JEE thanks to National Institute of Genomic Medicine for financial support. The upper right panel shows the cumulative number of homicides in the El Norte Data Base. Javier Aguilar, Aleix Bassolas, Adam Sadilek, Alina Ristea, Riley Tucker, Dan OBrien, Giovanna Cavali Silva & Evandro Marcos Saidel Ribeiro, Carlos Cartes, Kenzo Asahi & Rodrigo Fernndez, Miriam Marco, Enrique Gracia, Marisol Lila, Scientific Reports EPJ Data Sci. As an example of the latter, Fig. Green component in the west has 55 of its nodes in Santa Catarina. For comparison, Chihuahua and Yucatn states timeseries are also depicted. In the first 3 years of the administration of the next president, Enrique Pea Nieto (EPN), there was an apparent period of lower homicide rates. During my week in Mexico, I was able to drive through five states. It is not serious, but you should be aware of it during inclement weather. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. By means of neighborhood-derived analysis, we assembled a network where neighborhoods are connected if they are adjacent and if there was at least one homicide during a given time window. As the PRIs grip on power began to loosen, the corrupt networks that kept the black market ticking over beneath the surface began to break up, further fuelling violence among groups jockeying for position in this new landscape. As mentioned above, Felipe Calderns drug war caused an impressive increment in the homicidal violence in almost the whole surface of the country. Assoc. Red connected component has all its nodes in the municipality of Guadalupe, to the east. There have been many attempts to describe, understand, predict or control the dynamics and spread of conflict and gang-related violence: from literature-based approaches17, data-mining-based network inference18,19, reactiondiffusion equations16, to combined methods20,21. Local professionals and cab drivers can be useful sources for suggesting safer destinations within the district since they know the area. For instance, yellow nodes belong to a main component with principal municipality Monterrey, containing 72% of the nodes. We provide an explanation for which this freeway is the most correlated road to homicides: As we previously mentioned in this response, as well as in the manuscript, the increasing of homicidal violence in MMA and Nuevo Len State in general, was originated by a struggle between El Cartel del Golfo and Los Zetas. Cases of money laundering were even allegedly performed by a US bank8. Pink squares show positive correlation, meanwhile negative correlations are depicted in blue. In Fig. EPL (Europhys. There, an exponential random graph model was used to measure the probability that a member of a determined gang was shot/killed by a member of another gang. With the cooperation of the U.S. Department of State and the Regional Security Office at the U.S. Consulate in Monterrey, statistics on crime incidents and an overall safety assessment for this municipality are documented to inform you best. Studies about cities in the United States have shown that crime is highly concentrated in some neighborhoods within cities11. The states security forces were beaten and their target was released. is a great place to stop in Mexico near the border with Reynosa and Laredo, which are two hours apart. In this case, the socioeconomical barrier between San Pedro and Santa Catarina, separated the dynamics of violence of the entire MMA with Santa Catarina municipality. As Fig. The water quality is much better in larger municipalities and major cities like Monterrey than in rural areas. Read the LATimes Homicide Page. A relevant question is why this violence decreased after those years? Figure3 shows the casualties by municipality in the MMA in the form of a lollipop plot. The analysis of each yearly crime network shows the spatial dynamics of neighborhoods in terms of homicide (Fig. A large effort of several groups should also be made on the data collection and curation. Nevadas New Record-Sealing Law: One of Broadest in U.S. Heartbreakingly Evil: DOJ Strengthens Fight Against Elder Fraud, Ex-Prisoner Elected Washington State Representative, Biden Urged to Shut Down Guantanamo, End Stain on U.S. On the other hand, we also may observe that Santa Catarina and San Pedro municipalities, despite they are together, the separation between them by one avenue, clearly distinguish the violence located in Santa Catarina, and the almost absent homicidal violence in San Pedro. In this sense, works such as the one developed by Oliveira et al.32, have collected crime data of robberies and burglaries. 99th percentile in meters of distance from highway to crime by year. Editors Note: Breitbart Texas traveled to Mexico City and the states of Tamaulipas, Coahuila, and Nuevo Len to recruit citizen journalists willing to risk their lives and expose the cartels silencing their communities. PLoS ONE 10, e0126503 (2015). Nuevo Len News; Mexican States. Finally, we correlated the location and frequency of homicides with roads, freeways and highways, to observe if a trend in the homicidal violence appeared. Moreover the informant added that the victim was between 30 and 35 years old. Mexico is one of the safest cities in the world, and if you do some research and travel wisely, it may be one of your favorite destinations. MEXICO CITY (AP) Mexico's president announced Tuesday that electric car company Tesla has committed to building a major plant in the industrial hub of Monterrey in northern Mexico. It crosses the Santiago municipality, where several homicides took place, and also cuts the polygon zone. Since then, the US has spent $3.3 billion supporting their neighbours as part of the global War on Drugs and tens of thousands of troops have marched against the cartels. The large majority of references regarding the understanding of spatio-temporal crime in cities has been done using burglary or robbery, because fortunately, there is not almost data of larger crimes such as homicide. Please do not accept any drinks, food, or favors from strangers as you dont know their intent. One is the Macroplaza, a mecca of Latin-American art and history. They separate neighborhoods, and municipalities, and can separate social and urban landscapes. Long live la Raza, You sir are a piece of human excrement aka piece of shit idk if you're trying to be funny or not you're just a fucking turd oh and btw I'm Mexican. But the city suffered such severe water shortages in 2022 . 2023. MMA is not the exception; while San Pedro Garza Garca is the second municipality in Mexico in terms of human development index (HDI=0.901 in 201513), the municipality of Santa Catarina (Northern border of San Pedro Garza Garca) has neighborhoods with important levels of poverty. For the spatial evolution of homicides, networks were assembled by counting the number of events that were registered in the same week for two adjacent neighborhoods and by using a 1-week shifted window. Crime Delinq. By means of these well-curated data we have approached to a phenomenon of drug-war-related violence with no precedents in Mexico. The city of Monterrey has a thriving economy that is primarily driven by its status as Mexicos leading industrial center, with businesses such as Grupo Aeromxico, Cemex, Alfa Laval, and FEMSA located there. A complementary hypothesis is that the huge number of homicides in MMA was due to control not only the Polygon zone, but more importantly, for the control of the 85th freeway, and with that, the transport of any kind of merchandise.This hypothesis is reinforced by the number of casualties observed in results observed in Fig. Shapefiles containing neighborhood data for Mexico were downloaded from datamx (http://datamx.io/dataset/colonias-mexico/resource/7b5a3b0a-4405-48d6-a4eb-d9f13bb50d3a). DGC is a graduate student in the Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomdicas de la Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico, and received a scholarship from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologa. One of Texas's 10 Most Wanted criminals caught in Monterrey, Mexico. The crime occurred sometime around one in the morning at the intersection of Orto and Thompson streets in the Moderna neighborhood. These transfers of capital have increased the difficulty of reducing the strength of those criminal organizations. . This phenomenon was observed not only in 20112012 period, but also in further years, as shown in Fig. Indeed, the polygons resulting from the intersection between municipalities and highways appears to unveil crime patterns and should be further investigated. The 2,000 mile border which separates Mexico and the US is simultaneously the biggest boundary and the biggest opportunity in the global drug trade. All the aforementioned context can give us an idea of the power reached by cartels, the importance of the control of a territory such as the MMA, and the cost in terms of lives that the Golfo-Zetas war left behind, besides the economical and social losses. Espinal-Enrquez, J. 2 we observed how the homicide violence in Mexico was so different depending on the state under study. Then in 2006, war was declared. Mexico has a lengthy list of travel advisories and cautions from the US State Department. Hence, being the violence in Mexico triggered by the former president Felipe Caldern (FCH) drug war, the dramatical differences between states was clearly due to specific and bloody battles between groups to control certain territory. R.D.G. We constructed yearly co-occurrence networks, by correlating neighborhoods with homicides happening within a same week, and counting the co-occurrences of these neighborhood pairs in 1 year. Additionally, the largest Mexican cartels also dedicated several time and uncountable amount of resources in money laundry, providing cartels with secure and legal sources of capital. Secretara de hacienda y crdito pblico. Over the last 15 years, the operational tempo of these groups in terms of hits, counter-hits and other attacks has been as high as the Taliban, she told Metro.co.uk. This last observation coincides with the hypothesis that San Nicols de los Garza municipality was not a disputed territory, but instead a transit one. In particular, the killing of a Zetas leader, Vctor Pea Mendoza, alias El Concorde 3, by a gunman of Cartel del Golfo, at the beginning of 2010 in the neighboring state of Tamaulipas (https://tinyurl.com/y2oogsy99), triggered a wave of retaliations between both criminal gangs, unleashing an unprecedented number of homicides in Nuevo Len, Tamaulipas and Veracruz states in Mexico. The local gang-related struggles mostly delineated the evolution of homicides. Life Rev. Did a Now-Retired Captain in the LAPD Cover Up Former CBS Chiefs Sexual Assault. Felbab-Brown said: AMLO assumes that crime can be addressed without lethal or visible force instead, he thinks it can be addressed through social redistribution and job creation.. Richardson, L. F. Frequency of occurrence of wars and other fatal quarrels. In recent weeks, the town has seen roughly 40 cartel-related murders with little government interference. (4) Some socioeconomic barriers determine the presence of homicide violence. Although there have been a lot of reported violence in recent years, the majority of what I observed seemed to be between police and the drug cartels. We developed a spatial and temporal analysis of the homicides in the MMA. The annual average daily transit (TDPA) for this road is 17,500 cars. Videos and Media. Article Big circles show neighborhoods with red/blue links. Being more precise in the description, with this network we try to observe the lack of correlation between places. This behavior contrasts with the rest of municipalities of the MMA: It can indeed be appreciated in Fig. 1-week correlation network. Neighborhoods are colored according to their municipality. "Eleven . Sci Rep 10, 21564 (2020). As evidence of this weakness, they point to the October 2019 Battle of Culiacn, a botched attempt to capture the son of Joaqun Guzmn better known as El Chapo. This heatmap represents the Pearson correlation coefficient of the homicide time series of the 19 municipalities that compose the MMA. Eight years of homicide evolution in Monterrey, Mexico: a network approach, $$\begin{aligned} G(t,r) = \sum _{\begin{array}{c} (i, j) \in N \\ i \ne j \end{array}} \frac{(h_i - \mu ) (h_j - \mu )}{|N| \sigma ^2}, \end{aligned}$$, \((-100.8421, 25.3217), (-99.5650, 26.0346)\), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-78352-9. , as shown in Fig the dream that MLK was talking about US.... 1 ( 2011 ) have collected crime data of robberies and burglaries surface. Texas & # x27 ; s 10 Most Wanted criminals caught in,. Period, but also in further years, as shown in Fig phenomena should be aware of it during weather. Like this, check our news page, 1 ( 2011 ) to National Institute of Medicine. 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