Anal. Exploratory research design allows researchers to taste and experience social phenomena and provides a journey of discovery that consists of adventure (Willig, 2008) and surprise. The end result of Pharaohs immovable and irrational decision was the severe suffering of the people, animals, agriculture, economy, and a devastatingly high death toll. WebTranscendental phenomenology brings added dimensions to the study of human experiences through qualitative research. In this volume, Clark Moustakas clearly discusses the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, based on the work of Husserl and others, and takes the Inq. Sousa, D. (2014). You cannot go home again: a phenomenological investigation of returning to the sojourn country after studying abroad. The foundations of phenomenology: epistemology, methodology, and analysis, in Approaches to Qualitative Research: An Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research in American Music Education, Vol. The process is continual throughout as the mind sometimes wanders, and each thought previously set aside must be done so again through acknowledgement, followed by the intentional act (Moustakas, 1994). Doelling, I., and Goldschmidt, M. (1981). A function for thought experiments, in The Essential Tension: Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change (University of Chicago Press), 240265. You are in: North America Consciousness is the medium of access to whatever is given to awareness (Giorgi, 1997, p. 236); therefore, epistemologically, only subjective knowledge can be known about the experienced world. WebThe problem investigated in this study focused on the African American male population in higher education is not only exceptionally low, but enrollment and persistence rates have remained astonishingly lower than all other groups of students completing higher education. Let us help you find yours! According to Brentano, intentionality is the mark of the mental: all and only mental states exhibit intentionality. WebMoustakas, C. (1994). In spite of multiple tangible evidences of an unwise decision, counsel from advisors, the obliteration of crops and structures, and the physical and emotional sufferings of his people, Pharaoh remained in a state of continued escalation of commitment. (2007). Ashworth and Greasley (2009) identify noesis as the mental orientation to learning and noema as that which is to be learned (i.e., studied) through ones perceptions or interpretations. Available online 24 February 2023, Journal Pre-proof Whats this? Macmillan. This is what Finlay (2006, 2008) calls dancing between two approaches, and it is also the approach that we endorse. 2, 2135. The noetic is derived from noesis and the noematic from the noema (Moustakas, 1994). This information is used to compile report and improve site. $41.85 - $45.00 8 Used from $40.95 19 New from $42.56. Blum added that phenomenology seeks to describe and interpret the perspective of the religious subject or the experience that the subject regards as real (p. 1030). His concise guide provides numerous examples of successful phenomenological studies from a variety of fields including therapy, health care, victimology, psychology and gender studies. The Interpreted World: An Introduction to Phenomenological Psychology. Moustakas, C., 1994. Therefore, the assumption held here is that knowledge is the outcome of a conscious act towards the thing to be known (Hughes and Sharrock, 1997). The main objective of a purposive sample is to produce a sample that can be logically assumed to be representative of the population. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Dancing between embodied empathy and phenomenological reflection. Clark E. Moustakas. Re-describing the described experience with careful treatment of the data included, maintaining the involvement of the researcher, and avoiding being selective or discriminating in the re-description of the experience. Modeling how to grow: An inductive examination of humble leader behaviors, contingencies, and outcomes. Interview responses were analyzed using Moussakas' Transcendental phenomenological reduction. If the nature of the study is emergent, like in most qualitative research (e.g., Creswell, 2009; Hays and Singh, 2011), the research purpose and questions are emergent too; they grew initially from personal experience and then emerge through the process of conceptualising a research topic around experience being investigated, for example, the experience of cross-cultural transition lived by individuals who move from their own cultural and educational context to a different one. This aim is characterised by the research design as exploratory (e.g., Blumer, 1986; Stebbins, 2001; Ritchie and Lewis, 2003). For example, Z. stated clearly that she is now confident to deal with maleafter all the scariness and horribleness that was felt in the beginning. Q. Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology [Trans. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.01.014, Keywords: qualitative research, phenomenology, cross-cultural analysis, educational research, experience, Citation: Alhazmi AA and Kaufmann A (2022) Phenomenological Qualitative Methods Applied to the Analysis of Cross-Cultural Experience in Novel Educational Social Contexts. The steps for this reduction process are known as: bracketing, delimiting, horizonalization, and clustering. Moustakas (1994) called this stage of data treatment horizontalisation, as this is where the descriptions of each individual turn to a horizon. This specific process of reduction was meant to present the experience as a phenomenon, then attempt to locate the pervasive existential qualities within the meaningful experience. Starks, H., and Trinidad, S. B. International Journal of Management Reviews, 5/6(1), 21-41. doi:10.1111/j.1460-8545.2004.00095.x, Moustakas, C. E. (1994). General purpose platform session cookies that are used to maintain users' state across page requests. Sci. In Proceedings of the 4th international conference on intelligent computing and information systems. It was a period of time Pharaoh could have used to reevaluate the state of the land and people that had resulted from his decision and continued commitment to that decision. He expelled the previous dynasty and its people, which had been friendly toward the Israelites, and this pharaoh was not (Nichol, 1953). Ihde, D. (2012). J. Qual. Getting it quite wrong: van Manen and smith on phenomenology. A purposive sampling method can be used to select the participants. Psychol. The researcher, guided by the research inquiry, may arrive to discover an unanticipated phenomenon. This sense provides a foundation for the following process of data explication. Offering insight through establishment of parallels between these theoretical concepts and lived experiences of the biblical leaders Pharaoh (of the Exodus) and Saul/Paul contributes to the body of knowledge in this area. If an individual were to get on the elevator and face the opposite way, the noema (social phenomenon) would be disrupted, because it goes against the noetic framework established by convention. Yet Pharaoh then refused to change his mind (vs. 16- 20). The Bible exposition commentary. The advantages of this technique can be reflected in the descriptions of the answers provided and in the participants helpfulness in reviewing the transcribed interviews and adding or correcting data. The decisions each of these leaders made with regard to setting aside presuppositions to see things as they really were, rather than their own perceptions and constructions had vastly different results. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Create lists of favorite content with your personal profile for your reference or to share. Sauls testimony of this event is found in Acts 9:1-10; 22:1-21; and 26:12-18, as he recounts suddenly being amidst an intensely bright light, falling to the ground, and being questioned by the Lord about his persecution of Him (Jesus), to which he responds by asking what he should do. We provided an overview of the methodology that we endorse as hybrid since it embeds both descriptive and interpretive phenomenological attitudes. The first element is intentionality. A phenomenological qualitative method allows to track empathy and recognition of both the researchers and the participants subjectivity in relation to the phenomenon being explored. That is because the ideas of phenomenology appeared as a reaction to the scientific positivist philosophical view of knowledge that dominated the philosophy of science. The cookie is set by embedded Microsoft scripts. Repeating the procedure is useful to make sure the content of the interviews is carefully approached: In fact, this process helps the investigator to become familiar with the context of the units of meaning and themes that they sought to extract in the next step. Choose your methoda comparison of phenomenology, discourse analysis, and grounded theory. Cogn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. WebThe problem investigated in this study focused on the African American male population in higher education is not only exceptionally low, but enrollment and persistence rates have remained astonishingly lower than all other groups of students completing higher education. Webphenomenological reduction process assists the researcher with this, allowing the researcher to keep an open mind and listen in a receptive manner to the participants Moustakas discusses at length Husserls philosophical underpinnings of TPh. These cookies are set via embedded youtube-videos. Qual. This strategic mode can guide the researcher to shift from the descriptive to the interpretive attitude. The noema and noesis are inseparable (Ashworth & Greasley, 2009; Moustakas, 1994). Tarozzi, M., and Mortari, L. (2010). 54, 259273. Figured worlds and education: an introduction to the special issue. Pract. doi: 10.1111/nup.12276, Zahavi, D. (2021). By: Clark Moustakas. 8, 279303. Turning the attention to imaginative variation is useful in examining identified meaning units reflectively, adding the dimension that allows subjective judgements. In each scene of the preExodus events, including the pre-plague request by Moses and Aaron, Pharaoh is provided demonstration of a power greater than his own. However, since our approach is not purely fitting within the epistemological assumptions of positivism and neo-positivism, but rather it reflects the epistemological assumptions of the hermeneutical approach, we prefer to adopt imaginative variation, and remain consistent with our hybrid view that attempts to balance descriptive and interpretative methods of investigation. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. M. T. Blanche, K. Durrheim, and D. Painter (Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape Town Press), 117. 22:82. Onwuegbuzie, A. J., and Leech, N. L. (2007). It is important to point out that the interviews are designed in such a way to encourage discursive answers rather than affirmative or negative answers (as discussed in Hffding and Martiny, 2016). The researchers need to identify their aim very carefully by focusing on the lived experience of the subject being interviewed and on the structure of such experience rather than on the opinion of the participants about the experience. This process is difficult as well as the most critical one (Wertz, 1985) because the entire investigation depends on these units of meaning. Call the experience of transitioning experience X and call Saudi students group Y. Haute cole Pdagogique BEJUNE, Switzerland. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing. We may use cookies and technologies to record sessions and collect data to improve user's experience. Therefore, a persons understanding is an understanding of a thing or an aspect of a thing (object). I do not know the Lord, nor will I let Israel go (Ex 5:2). His concise guide provides numerous examples of successful phenomenological studies Investigating the experience of individuals is a highly complex phenomenon (Jarvis, 1987): annotating and clarifying human experience can be a challenging task not only because of the complexity of human nature, but also because an individuals experience is a multidimensional phenomenon, that is, psychologically oriented, culturally driven, and socially structured. (1985). Husserl, who was Brentanos student, assumed that this essential property of intentionality, the directedness of mental states onto something, is not contingent upon whether some real physical target exists independently of the intentional act itself. Hourigan, R. M., and Edgar, S. N. (2020). In contrast, an interpretive phenomenological methodology was derived from the works of scholars like Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty (1962), Gadamer (2000), and Gadamer and Linge (2008). (2010). Difficulties encountered in the application of the phenomenological method in the social sciences. The discussion over the structures that emerge from all participants interviews should take the form of writing a composite summary to describe how the experienced phenomenon is seen by the participants (Giorgi, 1985; Hycner, 1985; Van Manen, 1990; Moustakas, 1994). WebPhenomenological Reduction and Emergent Design: Complementary Methods for Leadership Narrative Interpretation and Metanarrative Development Donald L.Gilstrap All Articles https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690700600107 Contents Abstract Challenges of leadership research Theoretical framework Research design Sociocultural Studies of Mind. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Two theoretical perspectives can allow understanding the phenomenon of cross-cultural transition: the first one is the sociocultural theory, which has been developed from Vygotskys works (e.g., Vygotsky, 1978; Doelling and Goldschmidt, 1981; Cole, 1995; Wertsch et al., 1995); and the second one is symbolic interactionism theory, which draws on the works of Mead, Blumer, and others (e.g., Kuhn, 1964; Mead, 1967; Blumer, 1986; Denzin, 1992; Clammer et al., 2004; Urrieta, 2007). The unstructured interactive interview: issues of reciprocity and risks when dealing with sensitive topics. Wertsch, J. V., del Ro, P., and Alvarez, A. In our work, we considered an internal reality that was built up from the perception of social actors (Bryman, 2008, p. 18) and that was consistent with the subjective experiences of the external world (Blanche and Durrheim, 1999). Regent's Campus was ranked among the "Top 20 Best College Campuses in America: 2019-22". doi: 10.46991/TSTP/2021.1.2.031. Nurs. (1997). The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. 15, 539564. He also makes clear distinctions between hermeneutic, empirical phenomenology, and heuristic approaches to human science research. Hollander, J. It is probably because I have not been in such position [mixing with males]. Q. Publication year: 1994. As the question is broad in scope and quite complex, we decided to address it from a particular angle to grasp the essence of the students experience rather than providing a superficial description or a personal reflection of the experience. The hybrid phenomenological qualitative method. This visualization demonstrates how methods are related and connects users to relevant content. Henry, M. (n.d). WebMoustakas presents the reader with a historical overview and assessment of phenomenological research methodologies along with a review of the philosophical underpinnings of these methods. Some guidelines for the phenomenological analysis of interview data. We found other relevant content for you on other SAGE platforms. doi: 10.1177/160940690800700403, Morse, J. M. (2000). In this brief volume, Clark Moustakas clearly explains the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, based on the work of Husserl and others, and takes the reader step-by-step through the process of conducting a phenomenological study. Webthe process of phenomenological reduction. doi: 10.1080/19398440802567931, Karpov, Y. V., and Haywood, H. C. (1998). For what concerns instead, the symbolic interactionism approach, this latter allows researchers to understand cross-cultural experienced phenomena by taking into consideration the role of symbolic meanings in forming individuals experience. An additional layer of the framework provides integration with theories of decision-making and organizational outcomes. Sport Exercise 1, 3650. The book also includes form letters and other research tools to use in designing and conducting a study. 10.1177/160940690800700403, Morse, J. V., and outcomes, discourse analysis and., empirical phenomenology, discourse analysis, and Edgar, S. B 1981 ) D. ( 2021.. To Pure phenomenology [ Trans is useful in examining identified meaning units reflectively, adding the dimension allows! In America: 2019-22 '' Haywood, H. C. ( 1998 ) to. S. B M. ( 1981 ) that allows subjective judgements ( 2007 ) data to improve 's. Record sessions and collect data to improve user 's experience was ranked among the `` Top 20 Best Campuses... Some guidelines for the cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors, by... Method in the social sciences, discourse analysis, and grounded theory the population investigation of returning to the attitude. As hybrid since it embeds both descriptive and interpretive phenomenological attitudes and Edgar, S. N. 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