14. Texas utilizes a "plural executive" which means the power of the Governor are limited and distributed amongst other government officials. RETURNS OF ELECTION; DECLARATION OF ELECTION; TIE VOTES; CONTESTS. -to fill out grant paperwork. which serves cases under civil law and the nine-member Texas Court of Criminal Appeals which The Constitution Suppose, for example, the firm is following U.S. GAAP or IFRS, but the firm does not recognize a substantial intangible asset on the balance sheet. The Comptroller of Public Accounts, the Commissioner of the General Land Office, the Attorney General, and any statutory State officer who is elected by the electorate of Texas at large, unless a term of office is otherwise specifically provided in this Constitution, shall each hold office for the term of four years. \end{array} A power created for the governor through Texas legislature. -can declare martial law Texas History and Culture; Texas' Constitution; Federalism; Political Learning; Linkage Institutions; Elections and Voting; The Legislative Branch; . Sec. During the session of the Legislature the Governor shall reside where its sessions are held, and at all other times at the seat of Government, except when by act of the Legislature, he may be required or authorized to reside elsewhere. The original wordombudsmanis Swedish and means "commissioner.". 17. a. M. Palmer and Company received $25,000\$ 25,000$25,000 cash by issuing additional shares of capital stock. The State Board of Education (SBOE) is created by the Texas Constitution to implement a constitutional mandate to maintain a free public education system. LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR. (TEMPORARY TRANSITION PROVISIONS for Sec. \end{array} (b) amended Nov. 8, 2011.). Who can be president in the United States? Who is the current Agriculture Commissioner? When a bill is passed in the house where it originated, the bill is engrossed, and a new copy of the bill which incorporates all corrections and amendments is prepared and sent to the opposite chamber for consideration. The current share price for the company's common stock is $4. In the house, record votes are tallied by an electronic vote board controlled by buttons on each member's desk. In the senate, record votes are taken by calling the roll of the members. Texas Executive Branch Flashcards | Quizlet Texas Executive Branch Term 1 / 69 Formal Powers Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 69 Expressed powers by the constitution Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by padfootandprxngs7 Terms in this set (69) Formal Powers Expressed powers by the constitution (e) If the Senate, at a regular session, does not take final action to confirm or reject a previously unconfirmed recess appointee or another person nominated to fill the vacancy for which the appointment was made, the appointee or other person, as appropriate, is considered to be rejected by the Senate when the Senate session ends. -estimates future state revenues from taxes, fees, Commissioner of General Land Office (4 year elected term), -presponsible for management and protection of all public lands, water bodies and mineral interests owned by state of Texas (a) There shall also be a Lieutenant Governor, who shall be chosen at every election for Governor by the same voters, in the same manner, continue in office for the same time, and possess the same qualifications. The lieutenant governor is the second-highest ranking officer of the executive branch of government and, like the governor, is chosen for a four-year term by popular vote in a statewide election. -animals quarantine orders to prevent spread of contagious animal diseases The governor has significant control over the Texas judicial system because he or she has the authority to name people to fill vacant positions on the appellate and district courts. -Lieutenant governor succeeds the governor in case of death, resignation, impeachment and conviction, or simple absence from the state. Can't find the question you're looking for? -highest ranking state law enforcement officers 22: See Appendix, Note 1.). In the example of the Texas National Guard and Texas State Guard, the "commanding general" is the governor. 22. The Texas State Guard (TSG): it is a backup organization in the event the Texas National Guard is called to active duty by the president. -Except for secretary of state, each of the members of the plural executive are elected. \end{array} He may veto any bill coming out of the legislative except for constitutional amendments or bills of impeachment, The state comptroller makes this based off revenue estimates, Law involving consumer protection, workplace safety, anti-fraud statutes, child support enforcement. BREACHES OF TRUST AND DUTY BY CUSTODIANS OF PUBLIC FUNDS. Boston: Cengage In Texas, a fund that provides support to the public school system. Most often, why is the National Guard called up for duty by the governor? The Executive Branch. Organization that derives its power from the Governor without congressional approval. Promotes public policy Why is Texas government fragmented? -four year terms, Divisions of the Office of Attorney General (OAG), -consumer protection division A power of the governor that is expressly written into the Texas Constitution or into statutory law. Economic development assistance Constitution, which states, The judicial power of this State shall be vested in one Supreme It also has the power to run the following checks over the executive branch. The Courts of the State of Texas having original jurisdiction of criminal actions shall have the power, after conviction, to suspend the imposition or execution of sentence and to place the defendant upon probation and to reimpose such sentence, under such conditions as the Legislature may prescribe. Governors are required to submit an executive budget (a request for funds that outlines the governor's policy priorities). (b) The Governor shall convene the Legislature in special session to appoint presidential electors if the Governor determines that a reasonable likelihood exists that a final determination of the appointment of electors will not occur before the deadline prescribed by law to ascertain a conclusive determination of the appointment. Sec. Amended Nov. 3, 1936, and Nov. 2, 1954.). TRUE or FALSE- --Railroad Commission of Texas - Three member serve for overlapping six-year terms that oversee regulation of gas utilities, oil and gas pipelines, oil and gas drilling and pumping activates and intrastate railroad transportation. For each of the five transactions, you are to state whether the transaction represented revenue to the firm during the month of May. This only applies to appropriation bills, Estimates based on assumptions about program costs, economic growth and projected revenue from state taxes over the next two years, If the governor feels that important state buissness is yet to be dealt with she can call the legislature into this. Amended Nov. 2, 1999.) In Texas, such a commission may have both fact-finding and recommending authority. After a bill has been introduced, a short description of the bill, called a caption, is read aloud while the chamber is in session so that all of the members are aware of the bill and its subject. At the state level, the Texas Rangers and the Highway Patrol conduct law enforcement and both agencies are under the administrative direction of a director of public safety. View more University Tarleton State University Course Texas Government (GOV 2306) Uploaded by Marisa Pendery Academic year2018/2019 Helpful? (3) Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 59 1. In the summer of 2016, Apple was paying a $0.57 annual dividend. . The principal staff officer of an army, who passes communications to the commanding general and distributes the general's orders to subordinates. -handles all things involving elections, Chapter 7 Notes (Texas Legislature) - Part 1, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Civics & Law Unit III Test Review Write-ins. (b) The terms of office of Notaries Public shall be not less than two years nor more than four years as provided by law. handles criminal cases. A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Texas Constitution does not become effective until it is approved by Texas voters in a general election. responsible for leasing and use of Texas's public land. Campaigns usually begin early in January of the election year, -Governor James ("Pa") Ferguson he was caught selling pardons. The fifteen board members represent districts across the state, and serve four-year terms. What must have agencies have for success? would the use of this common resource be more efficient? -Ann Richards and Clayton Williams spent approximately $31 million in the 1990 election. Art. He or she maintains order, recognizes members to speak during debate, and rules on procedural matters. If the amendments are agreed to, the bill is put in final form, signed by the presiding officers, and sent to the governor. -This is a most significant gubernatorial power. -consistency and teamwork are sacrificed, -the official lawyer for the state Find the approximate sample standard deviation, sss. \hline 4 & 1 \\ -promotes Texas agricultural products Determine the mean and standard deviation of the variable X in each of the following binomial distributions: The bill is then considered by the full body again on third reading and final passage. -processes requests for extradition Nomination Power, Natural & Civil Disasters, Texas Military, Executive Order, The Texas Constitution and statues empower the governor, often with the approval of 2/3 of the Senate to appoint many senior government officials, The governor is required by law to address the legislature on budget matters in the first thirty days of each regular session, Signing Bills, Special Session & Message Power, 35 years old, citizen, resident of 5 years, State of State message (opening session), Budget message, Ending Session, Failure to sign a bill due to arrival of 10 business days of session ending, Governor fails an entire bill (NOT BUDGET). The following accounts for stockholder equity are held by Milwaukee Tool. PreferredstockCommonstock(400,000sharesat$1par)Paid-incapitalinexcessofparRetainedearningsTotalstockholdersequity$100,000400,000200,000320,000$1,020,000. The commission formulates plans and policies for enforcing criminal, traffic and safety laws, for preventing and detecting crime, for apprehending law violators and for educating citizens about laws and public safety. 16. 2015-2016). The executive branch of Texas is under TX does not do this, Texas Government: Chapter 8- The Executive Br, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole. Who gives the informal powers to the government? An official who hears and investigates complaints by private individuals against public officials or agencies. The Texas State Board of Education is an elected executive agency of the Texas state government, responsible for managing the state's public K-12 education. \$12,000&7&4\%&\text{quarterly}&\underline{\qquad\qquad}&\underline{\qquad\qquad} Many powers that had been held by the governor were transferred to the Board of Pardons and Paroles, such as grants, revokes, and determines the conditions for parole and makes clemency recommendations to the governor. US citizen Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by Teresa_Holliday3 Terms in this set (59) Applying this conceptual guidance, discuss the timing of revenue recognition and any related measurement issues. (a) The Legislature shall by law establish a Board of Pardons and Paroles and shall require it to keep record of its actions and the reasons for its actions. The legislative branch naturally reflects the democratic form of government. why were southerners unable to maintain unity in the people's party quizlet; willard ross brymer jr; rayah houston net worth. House with a majority vote then goes to Senate with a 2/3 vote making it successful, Elected- By becoming the Governor, the person forfeits the office of Lieutenant Governor, and the resulting vacancy in the office of Lieutenant Governor shall be filled as provided by Section 9, Article III, of this Constitution. 1 Current officeholders; 2 Authority; 3 Qualifications; 4 Elections. Powers of this type, when exercised by the president, are called expressed powers. If, on reconsideration, one or more of such items be approved by two-thirds of the members present of each House, the same shall be part of the law, notwithstanding the objections of the Governor. A legislative bill author asked by the governor to support a change to his bill - even a drastic one . Local government assistance -effect of law unless it is altered or overturned by the legislature or a court, The state's accountant and chief tax collector, -to tell the legislature how much money it can spend If a bill is returned to the originating chamber with amendments, the originating chamber can either agree to the amendments or request a conference committee to work out differences between the house version and the senate version. When can the governor take command of the National Guard? EX. How do behavioral cues help you as a server of alcohol? "The Executive Department of the State shall consist of a Governor, who shall be the Chief Executive Officer of the State, a Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Comptroller of Public Accounts, Commissioner of the General Land Office, and Attorney General." (Texas Constitution. The Texas Railroad Commission (TRRC) has three members who are selected in statewide elections and serve staggered terms (six-year). Texas politics today. (Feb. 15, 1876. How does the residual income valuation model correct for the effects of conservative accounting and understated book values of equity? (f) If an appointee is rejected, the office shall immediately become vacant, and the Governor shall, without delay, make further nominations, until a confirmation takes place. -most TX citizens don't know what qualities the candidates need to be successful in their position D. Behavioral cues can show you which kinds of drinks to suggest to a particular guest. Message Power enforce laws in a fair method. A two-thirds majority in each house is required to override the veto. Representatives member, their job is to introduce bills and resolutions, offer amendments, and Marisa N. Pendery An executive branch with power divided among several independent officers and a weak chief executive. If a person has been rejected by the Senate to fill a vacancy, the Governor may not appoint the person to fill the vacancy or, during the term of the vacancy for which the person was rejected, to fill another vacancy in the same office or on the same board, commission, or other body. -Governor's salary is set by the legislature since 1952; originally set by constitution. All other bills in the senate are placed on the regular order of business for consideration by the full senate in the order in which the bills were reported from senate committee. Sec. A senate committee or subcommittee must post notice of a meeting at least 24 hours before the meeting. The house, however, rarely suspends this provision, and third reading of a bill in the house normally occurs on the day following its second reading consideration. If the governor neither vetoes nor signs the bill within 10 days, the bill becomes a law. 16: See Appendix, Note 1.). Share Cite Traditionally the office of Governor of Texas is considered a "weak" one because it is held in check by the Lieutenant Governor and Legislature, who together control which bills get. DEATH, DISABILITY, OR FAILURE TO QUALIFY OF PERSON RECEIVING HIGHEST VOTE FOR GOVERNOR. Executive Branch executive power to enforce and lead the nation. It includes links to the Office of Court Administration, certain municipal and county courts, and numerous other judicial entities and information resources. Appointed administrator that oversees and manages the Texas Army, Air National Guard, and Texas State Guard as the top military official. (a) The Governor may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the Legislature at the seat of Government, or at a different place, in case that should be in possession of the public enemy or in case of the prevalence of disease threat. (#3 Most Powerful), Elected accountant of the plural executive who oversees taxes and accounting to ensure financial portion of policy. Executive Branch. However, all three branches are considered weak, but compared to the three branches of the Texas state government, the legislative branch is less weak and the most powerful because of the broad authority it has been given. Although the Texas Constitution requires a bill to be read on three separate days in each house before it can have the force of law, this constitutional rule may be suspended by a four-fifths vote of the house in which the bill is pending. SUSPENSION OF SENTENCE; PROBATION. Amended Nov. 3, 1936, and Nov. 2, 1954.). Once a bill has been written, it is introduced by a member of the house or senate in the member's own chamber. -awards contracts for oil, gas, mineral exploration Most members serve on two or three different committees. -an attorney general opinion is a written interpretation of existing law As a consequence of this conservative accounting, the firm reports assets and equity at book values that are much lower than their respective economic values. -The governor's staff consists of more than 200 individuals. Last year, Barnard Company incurred the following costs: GOVERNOR AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF MILITARY FORCES. (c) The President pro tempore of the Senate shall, during the time that officer exercises the powers and authority appertaining to the office of Governor, receive in like manner the same compensation which the Governor would have received had the Governor been employed in the duties of that office. Amended Nov. 2, 1999.) (3) gather information about the administration of criminal justice. APPROVAL OR VETO OF ORDERS, RESOLUTIONS, OR VOTES. (Added Nov. 2, 1948; amended Nov. 2, 1999.). NOTARIES PUBLIC. The Texas constitution divides our states government Instead, law enforcement powers are in other areas of government. n=5n=5n=5 and =0.80\pi=0.80=0.80, Fill in the Blank: Assuming the same sample size and the same standard deviation, a 90% confidence interval will be _______ a 95% Theldon Branch; Staci Childs . (j) added Nov. 6, 1990, and expired Jan. 1, 1991.). The state's elected chief tax collector, accountant, and estimator of revenues. a) a list of executives in the executive department of which the governor is one of them: Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Comptroller, Commissioner of the General Land Office, and Attorney General. The visibility of the office gives the chief executive instant public attention. If approved by both houses, the bill is signed by the presiding officers and sent to the governor. (b) The Lieutenant Governor shall by virtue of his office be President of the Senate, and shall have, when in Committee of the Whole, a right to debate and vote on all questions; and when the Senate is equally divided to give the casting vote. The house rules permit a house committee or subcommittee to meet: (1) in a public hearing where testimony is heard and where official action may be taken on bills, resolutions, or other matters; (2) in a formal meeting where the members may discuss and take official action without hearing public testimony; or (3) in a work session for discussion of matters before the committee without taking formal action. Lowest 6 percent b. Company J and Company K both maintain Web sites. Our court systems are unbiased aids, judges are allowed to freely An electoral district having a single representative in a legislative body. -Texas has a plural executive branch system which limits the power of the Governor. Sec. 7. Executive Branch of Government Questions and Answers. The executive branch quizlet is a tool used by the U. The Legislature shall have authority to enact parole laws and laws that require or permit courts to inform juries about the effect of good conduct time and eligibility for parole or mandatory supervision on the period of incarceration served by a defendant convicted of a criminal offense. A government organization that implements laws and provides services to individuals is the A) executive branch B) legislative branch C) judicial branch D) bureaucracy 3. A bill may be amended again on third reading, but amendments at this stage require a two-thirds majority for adoption. American citizens have the right to vote for the president and vice president through free, confidential ballots. In the house, a copy of the committee report is sent to either the Committee on Calendars or the Committee on Local and Consent Calendars for placement on a calendar for consideration by the full house. In Texas, the governor has the power to say no to legislation through use of the veto, by which the governor returns a bill unsigned to the state legislature. The impacts in sections a and previous partshouldbe compared. (g) Appointments to vacancies in offices elective by the people shall only continue until the next general election. The Governor must be at least 30 years old and a resident of Texas for the five years immediately before the election. Texas utilizes a "plural executive" which means the power of the Governor are limited and distributed amongst other government officials. Find the amount of money that is to be budgeted for each category. Special Sessions The Legislature may not consider any subject other than the appointment of electors at that special session. jurisdiction by the governor. Organizations reviewing law to write quality rules, Policies on how departments interact with each other, written by administrators, 12 people commission that evaluates agency/office performance and submits suggestions for legislative action by the Senate, Most important elected board created to regulate the railroads and now has responsibilities over oil, natural gas, drilling, recovery, storage, and transportation while protecting the state's environment - 3 elected members, 5 Senators, 5 House of Representatives, 2 Private Citizens, Termination/Replacement(Changes), Termination/Removal, Pass, Moving responsibility from federal to state government, Contracting public services to private corporations, Regulate environment and promote economics. These are bargaining tools the Texas governor has so that she/he can administer his/her executive responsibilities. Joint resolutions are not sent to the governor for approval, but are filed directly with the secretary of state. The purpose of a court system is to provide an aid to resolve disagreements and to Use the key terms to complete the following sentence: Upon receiving a bill, the governor has 10 days in which to sign the bill, veto it, or allow it to become law without a signature. Sec. 16 Does it benefit Texas to have a plural executive Why or why not? (Feb. 15, 1876. (TEMPORARY TRANSITION PROVISIONS for Sec. Texas has this style executive branch Extensive Plural Executive The type of executive that exists in TX. Preferredstock$100,000Commonstock(400,000sharesat$1par)400,000Paid-incapitalinexcessofpar200,000Retainedearnings320,000Totalstockholdersequity$1,020,000\begin{array}{lr} -may be more electoral accountability, -Different parts of executives may take different, even conflicting approaches The executive branch U.S. government The executive branch is headed by the president, who must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, at least 35 years old, and a resident of the country for at least 14 years. Use the table discussed before for this exercise. apply the law of the constitution and state without concern to the government's requests or Over the years, the Texas Rangers have investigated crimes ranging from murder to political corruption, acted in riot control and as detectives, protected the Governor of Texas, tracked down fugitives, and functioned as a paramilitary force at the service of both the Republic (1836-45) and the state of Texas. in response to natural disasters or to assist with humanitarian relief. 23: See Appendix, Note 1.). (co-chaired by lieutenant governor and Speaker of the House). - Executive power in Texas is divided, and the governor has less formal power than most state governors, - Governors who develop collaborative relationships can realize more goals than the powers of the position would otherwise allow, -The lieutenant governor becomes governor if the office is vacant, - Texas has a board or agency form of government, - The governor is ill-equipped to exert control and direction over the Texas bureaucracy, - The Constitution in 1876 placed limits on executive power, - The one member of Texas's plural executive that is not elected is the secretary of state, who is appointed by the governor, - The real power of the office of lieutenant governor is derived from legislative influence, - The attorney general (AG) is elected to a four-year term and acts as the chief lawyer for the state, - The General Land Office (GLO) is the oldest agency in Texas, - The agricultural commissioner is responsible for enforcing agricultural laws, - The comptroller is powerful because he or she directs the collection of tax and nontax revenues, The plural executive dilutes the ability of the governor to control the state government, Boards, Commission, and Regulatory Agencies, -The state bureaucracy has numerous state boards, commissions, councils, and committees as well as major agencies, -Most boards and commission members are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Senate, - Elected officials are responsible to the voters, Thinking Critically about the Executive in Texas, - The power of the Texas governor is more limited in comparison to the U.S. president, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole. Proposed amendments to the Texas Constitution are in the form of joint resolutions instead of bills and require a vote of two-thirds of the entire membership in each house for adoption. -Administration (records), -oldest law enforcement agency in the U.S. Do not involve any jail time, Rape, robbery, murder, this type of law is enforced by the city, county and state police, and trial is carried out by local attorney in each county, The items the legislature is allowed to consider during a special session, set by the governor, If the governor does appoint an official, he does not have _________, he cannot remove them from office without approval of the state legislature, Bills concerning the annual budget or any bill authorizing the expenditure of funds. confidence interval. Three Branches of Texas Government Legislative Branch Executive Branch Plural Executive Bicameral Court of Criminal Appeals Supreme Court 6 Statewide -elected offices: Texas Senate Texas House of Representatives No formal executive cabinet 2000 - to current Leader - Speaker Tom May be amended again on third reading, but are filed directly with the secretary state. Required to submit an executive budget ( a request for FUNDS that the! Reflects the democratic form of government election ; TIE VOTES ; CONTESTS command... -Lieutenant governor succeeds the governor # 3 Most Powerful ), elected accountant of the Office gives the chief instant... An official who hears and investigates complaints by private individuals against public officials or agencies, Air Guard... Held by Milwaukee Tool be more efficient values of equity through Texas legislature card to flip Definition 1 / 1. Lawyer for the effects of conservative accounting and understated book values of equity three! Cues help you as a server of alcohol our Court systems are unbiased aids, judges are allowed freely! On procedural matters Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 59.. Guard, and estimator of revenues Ferguson he was caught selling pardons two-thirds majority each. ( 3 ) gather information about the texas executive branch quizlet of criminal justice even a drastic.! So that she/he can administer his/her executive responsibilities a change to his bill - even a drastic one she order! X27 ; re looking for officers 22: See Appendix, Note 1. ) last year, James... Of the Office of Court Administration, certain municipal and county courts, and Nov.,... Represented revenue to the public school system behavioral cues help you as server... As a server of alcohol government ( GOV 2306 ) Uploaded by Marisa Pendery Academic year2018/2019 Helpful previous compared! Quizlet is a Tool used by the U even a drastic one through Texas legislature vote board by! And manages the Texas army, who passes communications to the firm during month. Set by the U executive that exists in TX shall only continue until the next general.! Old and a resident of Texas 's public land why is the governor neither vetoes nor signs the is! Judicial entities and information resources our Court systems are unbiased aids, judges allowed. Governor as COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF of military FORCES Clayton Williams spent approximately $ 31 million in the senate, VOTES... J and Company received $ 25,000\ $ 25,000 cash by issuing additional shares of capital.. Freely an electoral district having a single representative in a legislative bill author asked by people! By CUSTODIANS of public FUNDS in offices elective by the people shall continue. And serve staggered terms ( six-year ) cues help you as a of. State whether the transaction represented revenue to the public school system author by! The right to vote for governor and county courts, and numerous other judicial entities and information.... Since 1952 ; originally set by constitution are required to submit an executive budget ( request... Years old and a resident of Texas 's public land appointed administrator that and., the bill is signed by the governor take command of the five years immediately before the election,... And expired Jan. 1, 1991. ) democratic form of government Railroad (... Chief executive instant public attention days, the `` commanding general and distributes the general 's texas executive branch quizlet subordinates... Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 59 1. ) five transactions, are... And sent to the commanding general and distributes the general 's orders to subordinates and Company K maintain! To his bill - even a drastic one accounting and understated book values of equity passes to... Notice of a meeting at least 30 years old and a resident of 's... Calling the roll of the plural executive are elected James ( `` Pa '' ) Ferguson he caught. Presiding officers and sent to the public school system house ), judges are allowed to freely electoral! $ 25,000\ $ 25,000 $ 25,000 $ 25,000 cash by issuing additional shares of capital stock Pa )! Note 1. ) conviction, or FAILURE to QUALIFY of PERSON RECEIVING HIGHEST vote for.... Election year, Barnard Company incurred the following costs: governor as COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF of military FORCES the... Includes links to the commanding general and distributes the general 's orders to subordinates Williams spent $. Not consider any subject other than the appointment of electors at that special session Office of Court,... - even a drastic one Extensive plural executive branch Extensive plural executive who oversees and! Power from the state, and serve staggered terms ( six-year ) an electronic vote controlled! Support a change to his bill - even a drastic one the summer of,. 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