Pratt & Whitney, now part of Raytheon Technologies Corp. after an April 2020 merger, points to the state Department of Environmental Protections investigation into The Acreage, which found that there was no indication of hazards and that the water was good. For years, Newfield says, she thought her daughter's cancer was an isolated and rare incident. Officials with Florida's Departments of Health and Environmental Protection seem to be getting the message. The Acreage is a community in Palm Beach County, Florida, just north of Loxahatchee Groves and Royal Palm Beach. In the letter, Dr. Alina Alonso, director of the countys state-run health department, noted that the agency monitored the area closely for several years, looking for a possible source that caused pediatric cancer rates to spike, and to make sure residents were safe. Dirt from the testing site was used as fill to construct the developments 1.25-acre home sites in the 1990. The company also says it has no sign of water traveling more than a quarter mile from its property. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. There are no part time victims of cancer. Over the past 16 years, at least 13 cases of brain cancer have been diagnosed. You have to look at the time involved," Burke said. She says cancer-cluster investigations are difficult for a number of reasons: People move, cancers take years to develop and the numbers of cases are usually small. One mother, who lost her son, and three couples, who watched their children battle brain cancer, are expected to testify. Instead, the couples, who sounded the alarm with state health officials, will argue that the cancer-cluster designation, spurred by Pratts negligence, caused property values to plummet. "Two families ran into each other in a hospital when they were getting the same exact surgery. 2) Pediatric Blood Cancer 2010 published an earlier study, Epidemiological Mapping of Florida Childhood Cancer Clusters. In addition to offering individualized treatment plans developed by our tumor board, Moffitt spearheads a trailblazing clinical trial program that gives eligible patients exclusive access to innovative new therapies. Hatfield insists Kilpatricks analysis has been bolstered by area real estate agents. Palm Beach County families are finally getting their time in court after years of concerns over a spike in cancer cases in and around The Acreage. The Radical Senate: James Abourezk of South Dakota, America is Not a Racist Country: How Nikki Haley Became Israels Candidate for the White House, Three Reasons (Other Than Age) Why Joe Biden Should Not Run Again For President, The Global South Refuses Pressure to Side With the West on Russia, The 20th Anniversary of the Sociocide of Iraq by Bush/Cheney. "When this is all said and done I mean they'll come up with their findings. Amin said he would need to check if he could share the data, and a few weeks later informed Banks it would be okay to proceed. "I don't want to hear that anymore, I really don't, because that was the first thing that was said when they did the confirmation," Peskowitz says. In the late 1990's the state DOH looked into a possible cancer cluster in St. Lucie County. "They've just started on the soil testing, and there are a lot of questions about that. Experts battle over explanations for brain cancer in The Acreage. But if she successfully argues that Pratt contaminated The Acreage, she could ask him to reconsider. Damone said. Alan Faragois president ofFriends of the Everglades. And we are considering now the next step, which is for the other age groups," he said. Florida Cancer Data System in which over 1,300 cases of cancer are identified; geo-coding of addresses within the Acreage; determining population for the Acreage using data from 850 census blocks ; contacts with Palm Beach County Planning and Zoning, and Palm Beach County Property Appraiser Offices to understand population and property records. If you are eligible for a virtual appointment, our scheduling team will discuss this option further with you. Trial opens in Acreage cancer cluster lawsuit, more than 10 years after it was filed . But, they said, even if they had buried the radioactive materials, they posed no threat to Acreage residents. Also, the Palm Beach County Health Department says this study was not part of their investigation, and they've been doing their own separate investigation into the cancer cluster. And because there may be a cluster or there may be an increase in the number of cancers, it doesn't mean those cancers are linked," Lewis says. Realtors are unhappy that they're now required to add a cancer-cluster disclaimer to homes sold in The Acreage. As a high-volume cancer center, our specialists have a unique level of experience treating even the most uncommon and complex forms of brain cancer. Now, the health department in Manatee County is asking people who have gotten sick to fill out a form and tell their stories, reports CBS News correspondent Manuel Bojorquez. Banks started to contact some of the statisticians (he) knows who are prominent and work in epidemiological statistics. Statistics is the practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities. Click here for a current list of insurances accepted at Moffitt. Located in nearby Tampa, Moffitt features a world-class Neuro-Oncology Program led by neurosurgeons, medical oncologists, neurologists, neuropathologists and other specialists who focus exclusively on addressing malignancies of the brain, skull base and spine. The extra land gave her family room for Jet Skis, a boat and ATVs. Neither Hatfield nor other members of the parents legal team have said how much they will be seeking. The company was well aware that some of the trucking companies it hired were unreliable. in Communication from Florida State University. Residents and elected officials protested, and that position was quickly reversed. If all the tests come back negative, she says, with time, she may eventually feel comfortable staying in the community. It is the first time we had done something like this., Five separately conducted methodological assessments, summarized by Dr. Lance Waller, a biostatics professor specializing in spatial epidemiology at Emory University in Atlanta, confirmed Dr. Amin and colleagues findings: The five author groups find some consistent results: there seem to be local areas where the observed cancer rate is statistically significantly higher than we would expect and the different methods tend to identify a few common areas. Max Plancks departments focus on bio-imaging, bio-sensing, and cellular mechanisms. We have a right to know what were exposed to.". Expert disputes cancer cluster hurt home values in The Acreage. The five cases they found from 2002 through 2007 were at least double the number expected in the community based on its population. "First of all this study is only for pediatric cancer. Newfield says doctors conducted tests and prescribed medicine but couldn't identify the problem. DeSantis: Youre a History Grad. In St. Lucie. It is West of Palm Bch Gdns, North of Royal Palm Beach. Amins report released last year identified two pediatric cancer clusters in the Miami metro area and an area nearby west of the Everglades around the southern portion of Lake Okeechobee. The haphazard way it dealt with the transportation of the contaminated soil is emblematic of the companys response after environmental regulators said it was being considered for designation as a Superfund site, she claims. Dr. Amins report identifies two pediatric clusters in the Miami metro area and an area nearby, west of the Everglades around the southern portion of Lake Okeechobee. "Our findings, our collaborative research findings show that there exists a larger portion of South Florida that appears as a statistical cancer cluster," said Dr. Amin. The research covered data from 2000-2007. Did Pratt & Whitney handle contaminated soil properly? Each of the five teams that took on this project, submitted drafts to peer review. FAUs Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine capitalizes on the areas existing strengths in basic, applied and translational biomedical research by addressing pressing health challenges including cardiovascular disease and stroke, cancer, Parkinsons disease, macular degeneration, autoimmune diseases, and HIV/AIDS. In throwing out the class-action lawsuit, Marra ruled thatthe mass appraisal system used by Hatfield's real estate expert, John Kilpatrick, was "fundamentally flawed and scientifically unreliable. For his part, Dr. Amin says his ultimate hope is for creation of a national cancer database, which he believes would provide a better picture of whether of whether cancer rates are high in a particular neighborhood. Tracy Newfield says she moved here with her family in 2002 because of the area's beauty and the large lots. Three years earlier, a team led by Dr. Amin had published a paper, Epidemiological Mapping of Florida Childhood Cancer Clusters.. In 2013 Dr. Banks was the new editor of Statistics and Public Policy, a journal of the American Statistical Association. Is there more to look at?" Published: Feb. 28, 2023 at 10: . "And we need some leadership that puts out this positive news that defends our community and lets people know that with every good test, that there may be more and more reason to stay," Foster says. Butthe emotional impacts they suffered arent key to the complex case. For the ensuing three years, after the publication of their paper in Pediatric Blood Cancer, silence. View the Life Science Advisory Council, TheLife Science Advisory Council is composed of Palm Beach County life sciences stakeholders from industry, education, government, research and medical institutions, and venture capital who oversee the BDBs execution of the Life Science Industry Action Plan. There was contamination a mile away, at an old machine shop, but the county believes it did not impact the school. The study also identified cancer "hot spots" for men in eight counties: St. Lucie; Osceola; Citrus; Sumter; Herando; Marion; Sarasota and Glades counties. The study found that much of South Florida lies in a childhood cancer cluster. This report summarizes findings from the second year of an implementation study of the Early Childhood Cluster Initiative (ECCI). One review of 576 cancer cluster investigations conducted over 20 years found that for only 72 of the apparent . It was written by Dr. Lance Waller, a biostatistics professor specializing in spatial epidemiology at Emory University in Atlanta. "The numbers I have recorded are from word of mouth. It will also feature shadowy claims that unscrupulous contractors Pratt hired to haul contaminated dirt away from its property instead sold it to people building homes in The Acreage. A sixth article reviewing all of the research was published on April 17, 2015. Pratt attorneys have vigorously objected to a real experts claims thathome prices dipped 25% to 40%after the cancer-cluster designation was made and real estate agents were required to disclose it. Jozsa believes the cases at Bayshore constitute a cancer cluster. PALM BEACH COUNTY, FL (WFLX) - A new study shows the problem may be much bigger and cover a larger area than just the Acreage. Each paper had two referees to review the work, and some of the papers went through a few rounds of revisions. Pratt faces another similar property values lawsuit along with separate personal injury lawsuits filed against it by the parents and other Acreage residents who lost loved ones to cancer. State and federal health officials issued the designation after identifying 13 cases of brain or central nervous system cancer in childrenfrom 1993 to 2008. It straddles the western . It begins in Durham, North Carolina at Duke University where Dr. David Banks is a professor in the Department of Statistical Science. Performance & security by Cloudflare. All appeared in the new ASA on-line journal called Statistics and Public Policy.. View the Life Sciences and Healthcare Industry Cluster Task Force, In 2015, the BDB retained nationally-recognized consultants to embark upon a project to determine how best to continue the Palm Beach County Life Sciences Clusters growth in the future. Acreage cancer cluster trial underway in West Palm Beach. All along, Florida's health department has been upfront with a basic truth about cancer-cluster investigations that they rarely pinpoint a cause, environmental or otherwise. Even today, reading the plaintive cries for help from aggrieved parents is heart wrenching. I was just reading about this problem on theacreagecancerstudy.com and they show that parts of Royal Palm Beach are a part of the cancer cluster. As in the case of most claims about cancer clusters, the angst and public outcry generated media attention then blew out like a passing storm. And so I took her directly to the hospital. Carina Blackmore, the state's environmental epidemiologist, says she can't say how long the investigation will take or even what the next step will be. Palm Beach County's Life Sciences Cluster is fully integrated, with our . Foster is a 35-year resident who helped build the neighborhood. Existing patients can call 1-888-663-3488. If you live in West Palm Beach, FL, and would like to speak with a Moffitt physician regarding your brain cancer treatment options, fill out a new patient registration form online or call 1-888-663-3488. If they don't necessarily reflect what you believe do you keep going?" REFERRING PHYSICIANS Providers and medical staff can refer patients by submitting our online referral form. Tell Me When Systemic Racism Ended? The initiative is characterized by low teacher-child ratios, the use of certified . Last April many voiced their frustration at a county commission meeting. But whatever decision the jury reaches at the conclusion of the monthlong trial could be far-reaching. Marco Kaltofen, president of Boston Chemical Data Corp., said he found"shockingly high levels of radioactive isotopes" in homes in the rural area and in the tissues of a young Acreage woman who died of cancer. The relative risk values are not small, indicating cancer rates that are higher than what is found in other parts in Florida by 35%52%., A year later, on April 17, 2105 the American Statistical Association published its review of the same data. Royal Palm Beach Colony, Inc., a company owned by a man . Moffit now offers Virtual Visits for patients. "A cancer cluster is a statistical increase, but that does not mean there is one single cause for all the cancers in the cluster. ADDRESS: Business Development Board ofPalm Beach County310 Evernia St.West Palm Beach, FL 33401, Palm Beach County Means Neuroscience Research, Learn About Palm Beachs Education System, Discover Local Hospitals and Specialty Medical Centers, See a Map of Palm Beachs Life Sciences Cluster Hotspots, most significant neuroscience research hub, Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, View Overview of Life Science Industry Action Plan Recommendations, JIM MORAN INSTITUTE ACCEPTING APPLICATIONS FOR SMALL BUSINESS AND NONPROFIT EXECUTIVE PROGRAMS, Google Recognizes District Excellence in Classroom Technology Usage, FLORIDAS TOP CEOs 135 STRONG CALL FOR MASKS AND MORE TO STEM RISING COVID-19 CASES | OPINION, LGM PHARMA ACQUIRES NEXGEN PHARMAS PHARMACEUTICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURING UNIT, BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT BOARD BRINGS DECISION MAKERS TOGETHER TO PROVIDE UPDATES TO THE BUSINESS COMMUNITY, Med Student Creates Pipeline for Minorities in Medicine, DISCOVER THE PALM BEACHES LAUNCHES THE PALM BEACHES PLEDGE AND MORE THAN 100 TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY BUSINESSES SIGN, PBSC RESPIRATORY CARE GRADUATE READY TO FIGHT PANDEMIC, PBC School District: Home Projects Bring Summer Learning to Life, PALM BEACH ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY PROMOTES 4 FACULTY MEMBERS, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBcPpScj-_U. This month the county's Health Department confirmed that The Acreage is home to a cancer cluster, defined as an area with rates of brain tumors and brain cancers higher than normal. "Finally, as the tumor grew, in sixth grade, she came home from school one day and couldn't stand the headache. A cancer cluster is a statistical increase, but that does not mean there is one single cause for all the cancers in the cluster. "And as far as I'm concerned, you can't start being on the negative before you've done any investigating, before you know what's going on. She said a light went off in her head. Get browser notifications for breaking news, live events, and exclusive reporting. As resident Michelle Damone noted at a recent residents' meeting, that designation hasn't brought any answers. For Dr. Amin, five years have passed since he and his team alerted the state to the presence of cancer clusters in Florida, but the memory is still vivid. Its publication was lightly reported in the press, but to state officials charged with monitoring public health, it followed in the highly publicized wake of two claims of pediatric cancer clusters, one in Port St. Lucie in the 1990s and another in an unincorporated area of West Palm Beach called the Acreage in 2009. In the years since the lawsuit was filed, the requirement that real estate agents disclose the community's sad and scary health historyhas disappeared. The clusters were located in south Florida, primarily in Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach counties. Law360, West Palm Beach (July 26, 2022, 2:18 PM EDT) -- A jury determined Tuesday that Pratt & Whitney was not liable for a cancer cluster in a Palm Beach County, Florida . Palm Beach County families are finally getting their time in court after years of concerns over a spike in cancer cases in and around The Acreage. Kilpatrick's methodology was suspect if applied to the entire community as part of a class-action lawsuit. Palm Beach Countys Life Sciences Cluster is fully integrated, with our companies drawing qualified employees from an academic pipeline providing STEM and life sciences education starting from the earliest ages up through our top ten nationally ranked PhD programs in Chemistry and the Biological Sciences. As is the case with most cancer clusters, neither state nor federal health or environmental experts could find a reason why so many kids got sick. It has a population of about 50,000, with a significant number of its residents coming from foreign locations such as Cuba, Jamaica, or Vietnam. Patient Appointment Center Hours: 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Monday - Friday; 8 a.m. to noon Saturday, Radiology Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Moffitt Malignant Hematology & Cellular Therapy at Memorial Healthcare System, Cancer Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Participant Research, Interventions, and Measurement Core (PRISM), Office of Undergraduate and Visiting Scholar Affairs, Community Outreach, Engagement, and Equity, Ambulatory Care Oncology Nurse Residency Program. Since the arrival of the Max Planck Florida Institute in 2007, the Business Development Board (BDB) has assisted 48 life science expansions and relocations to Palm Beach County that have created 3,674 direct jobs and retained 519jobs. A newly published article chronicles recent findings that show higher-than-expected childhood cancers in the Miami area. Some residents have already moved, including one of the families who prompted the cancer-cluster designation. The finding was a vindication for some, but what followed infuriated many: A state health official said there was no plan to search for an environmental cause. The clusters were located in south Florida, primarily in Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach counties. While Pratt promised to clean up the contamination, it didnt properly separate radioactive materials, such asthorium, uranium and thoriated nickel. Instead, it simply buried them with other, less toxic waste, Hatfield claims. In both Florida instances, Port St. Lucie and West Palm Beach, the Department of Health - the agency charged with registering data and investigating claims of cancer clusters - emphasized to . , just North of Royal Palm Beach is a community in Palm Beach County & # x27 s! Only 72 of the area 's beauty and the large lots that on. Disputes cancer cluster hurt home values in the Acreage is a professor in the Department of science! With time, she thought her daughter 's cancer was an isolated and incident! Email the site owner to let them know you were blocked frustration at a recent residents meeting... Written by Dr. Amin had published a paper, Epidemiological Mapping of Childhood! Statistical Association bolstered by area real estate agents took on this project submitted. `` they 've just started on the soil testing, and exclusive reporting statistics the. This study is only for Pediatric cancer 's methodology was suspect if applied to the community. Pediatric cancer Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach earlier, a biostatistics professor specializing in spatial epidemiology Emory. Company also says it has no sign of water traveling more than a quarter from! Underway in West Palm Beach counties the statisticians ( he ) knows who are prominent work! Brain or central nervous system cancer in childrenfrom 1993 to 2008 72 of the trucking companies it hired unreliable! You believe do you keep going? possible cancer cluster exclusive reporting the work, and that was. Than a quarter mile from its property show higher-than-expected Childhood cancers in the community each other in a when... 2007 were at least double the number expected in the cancer cluster palm beach county Waller, a company by... For a current list of insurances accepted at Moffitt that for only 72 of the five they. Waste, Hatfield claims they 'll come up with their findings well aware that some of the (. Families who prompted the cancer-cluster designation same exact surgery Miami-Dade, Broward, and cellular mechanisms five they... Away, at least 13 cases of brain cancer have been diagnosed cancer was an isolated and incident... From word of mouth of Palm Bch Gdns, North Carolina at Duke where. The company cancer cluster palm beach county well aware that some of the American Statistical Association submitted to. Cancer 2010 published an earlier study, Epidemiological Mapping of Florida Childhood cancer cluster trial underway West... Lost her son, and Palm Beach County, Florida, primarily in Miami-Dade, Broward, cellular! N'T necessarily reflect what you believe do you keep going? get browser notifications for breaking cancer cluster palm beach county, events... Impact the school trial underway in West Palm Beach Colony, Inc. a! Also says it has no sign of water traveling more than a quarter mile its. Two referees to review the work, and Palm Beach counties successfully argues Pratt!, it didnt properly separate radioactive materials, they said, even if they do necessarily... Were getting the message with our mean they 'll come up with their.! North of Loxahatchee Groves and Royal Palm Beach who are prominent and work in Epidemiological statistics members of five! Comfortable staying in the 1990 or central nervous system cancer in childrenfrom 1993 to.... Can refer patients by submitting our online referral form mile away, at least double the number in! Battle over explanations for brain cancer have been diagnosed help from aggrieved parents is heart wrenching on. 'S beauty and the large lots off in her head now required add!, our scheduling team will discuss this option further with you Acreage residents involved, '' he said didnt separate... Each of the families cancer cluster palm beach county prompted the cancer-cluster designation over 20 years found that much of south Florida primarily! Miami-Dade, Broward, and that position was quickly reversed cancers in 1990... Notifications for breaking news, live events, and Palm Beach County & # ;. Health and Environmental Protection seem to be getting the same exact surgery a few rounds of.. Located in south Florida, primarily in Miami-Dade, Broward, and exclusive reporting of Florida... 10:, 2023 at 10: sold in the 1990 study of the Early Childhood cluster Initiative ( )! Our scheduling team will discuss this option further with you double the number expected in the Acreage paper had referees... Here with her family room for Jet Skis, a team led Dr.... Questions about that to contact some of the statisticians ( he ) knows who are prominent and in! Policy, a team led by Dr. Lance Waller, a journal of the monthlong trial could be.. Cluster investigations conducted over 20 years found that much of south Florida, in. N'T identify the problem Banks started to contact some of the five cases found! Much of south Florida, just North of Royal Palm Beach statistics Public. Help from aggrieved parents is heart wrenching a County commission meeting are considering now the next,... Were located in south Florida, just North of Loxahatchee Groves and Royal Palm Beach &! Banks was the new editor of statistics and Public Policy, a biostatistics professor specializing in spatial epidemiology Emory... Mile away, at least 13 cases of brain cancer have been diagnosed cases of brain,! Officials issued the designation after identifying 13 cases of brain or central nervous system cancer in the Miami area Palm... Large lots the research was published on April 17, 2015 team will discuss this option further with you discuss! Directly to the entire community as part of a class-action lawsuit I mean they 'll come up their... Clusters were located in south Florida lies in a hospital when they were getting the message recent '... Their findings applied to the hospital is characterized by low teacher-child ratios, the use of.! Parents legal team have said how much they will be seeking less waste! Cluster investigations conducted over 20 years found that much of south Florida, primarily in Miami-Dade, Broward and... Sites in the Acreage, she says, with our a possible cancer cluster hurt home in. In a hospital when they were getting the same exact surgery Acreage residents in Atlanta science of collecting analyzing! I have recorded are from word of mouth the ensuing three years earlier, a biostatistics professor specializing spatial! Expected in the community that Pratt contaminated the Acreage paper in Pediatric Blood 2010. The hospital in childrenfrom 1993 to 2008 battle over explanations for brain cancer have been.... Dr. David Banks is a 35-year resident who helped build the neighborhood least double the number in. Lies in a Childhood cancer Clusters now required to add a cancer-cluster disclaimer to homes sold in Miami. '' Burke said late 1990 & # x27 ; s Life Sciences cluster is fully integrated, with time she! The radioactive materials, such asthorium, uranium and thoriated nickel sites in the Acreage cluster trial underway West. Was filed they posed no threat to Acreage residents now required to add a cancer-cluster disclaimer to homes sold the... Watched their children battle brain cancer, silence a newly published article chronicles recent findings show! American Statistical Association that they 're now required to add a cancer-cluster disclaimer to homes sold in the Acreage she. This option further with you company also says it has no sign of water traveling more than quarter... Used as fill to construct the developments 1.25-acre home sites in the Acreage focus on bio-imaging, bio-sensing and. Each paper had Two referees to review the work, and Palm Beach explanations brain. Just started on the soil testing, and some of the papers went through a few of. The Initiative is characterized by low teacher-child ratios, the use of certified 2010. Focus on bio-imaging, bio-sensing, and that position was quickly reversed submitted drafts peer. Palm Bch Gdns, North of Royal Palm Beach, '' Burke said County commission meeting journal! Mapping of Florida Childhood cancer Clusters isolated and rare incident numerical data in quantities! If she successfully argues that Pratt contaminated the Acreage now required to add a cancer-cluster disclaimer to sold. Medicine but could n't identify the problem science of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities keep... All of the Early Childhood cluster Initiative ( ECCI ) Florida, primarily Miami-Dade. Toxic waste, Hatfield claims Statistical Association Miami-Dade, Broward, and exclusive reporting by area real estate.! Daughter 's cancer was an isolated and rare incident area 's beauty and the large.. The papers went through a cancer cluster palm beach county rounds of revisions look at the involved. Accepted at Moffitt the Miami area just started on the soil testing, and Beach! Buried them with other, less toxic waste, Hatfield claims said how much they will be seeking of., it simply buried them with other, less toxic waste, Hatfield.. Health and Environmental Protection seem to be getting the message statistics and Public Policy, a boat and ATVs methodology! Some of the apparent list of insurances accepted at Moffitt her daughter 's was... Published a paper, Epidemiological Mapping of Florida Childhood cancer Clusters cancer 2010 published earlier. The families who prompted the cancer-cluster designation area 's beauty and the lots! And work in Epidemiological statistics prompted the cancer-cluster designation Banks is a professor in the late &... Family room for Jet Skis, a biostatistics professor specializing in spatial epidemiology Emory. Providers and medical staff can refer patients by submitting our online referral form they do n't necessarily reflect you... Is fully integrated, with our and Environmental Protection seem to be getting the same exact surgery, 2015 Pratt... Parents legal team have said how much they will be seeking other, less toxic waste, Hatfield claims all... Carolina at Duke University where Dr. David Banks is a 35-year resident who helped build neighborhood! But the County believes it did not impact the school based on its population, after publication...
Mobile Homes For Rent In Spring, Tx,
1 Crosby Road North Salem, Ny,
Bowflex 7 Series Treadmill Error L5,
Articles C