Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. Print media played a critical role in the formation of national consciousness as a form of group belonging: reading literature in ones own vernacular had a powerful effect (Anderson, 2006). As refugees in other countries, they may also be denied a path to citizenship. Examples: Japan, Iceland, Denmark, and France. [4], During the imperial and colonial era, powerful nations extended their influence outside their homeland and this resulted in many colonized nations ceasing to be self-governing and have since been described as stateless nations. In this article, we will discuss what a stateless nation is, look at examples of stateless nations, explain why its important in having a comprehensive understanding of geography, and how to understand it in the context of the AP Human Geography exam. A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state[1] and is not the majority population in any nation state. Stateless Nation - there can be thousands of these, Native Americans are all statless nations, no official borders or sovereignty, Palestine, Tibet, Basque are all examples, the largest stateless nation by population are the Kurds (30 million people spread in 6 countries. Learn more about our school licenses here. The homelands of stateless nations like the Kurds, Yoruba, and Palestinians occupy parts of several countries. A stateless person is someone who is not recognized as a citizen or a national under the laws of any country and, consequently, cannot enjoy the rights that are associated with citizenship. Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yakthung Limbu People residing in east of Nepal, includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) India and north-western part of Bangladesh as the Yakthung Limbuwan nation[9] and Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). This has been at the cost of great suffering: Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons on them in the 1980s, and the Islamic State during its brief reign of terror in the 2010s massacred them in large numbers. Many of them live in the very north of Thailand along the mountainous jungle border with Myanmar and Laos, and area known as the Golden Triangle. There are 193 member states in the United Nations, but only around 20 are, strictly speaking, nation-states, meaning states (government + geographical territory) with a single ethnic nation inhabiting the territory. The US, for example, is a multinational state, because it contains hundreds of Native American nations. Palestinians aren't a homogenous ethnic or religious group like the Kurds and the Rohingya. [25], Throughout history, numerous nations declared their independence, but not all succeeded in establishing a state. For a community lacking a government, see, Consequences of colonialism and imperialism, Claims of stateless nations and ethnic groups with autonomous status. Christian Sects in the Middle East, Part 14. Over 90% of the 3,000 or so ethnic nations in the world are technically stateless under this definition. Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, and Somaliland are examples of these. The 1967 Six-Day War ended with Israel taking even more territory, including the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Even today the colonial boundaries form modern national boundaries. We visit five prominent stateless nations to find out how they got that way. Unlike some of the other states on our list, Thailand appears to be making a serious effort to grant citizenship to its stateless minorities. The Kurds would be an example of a nation without a state of their own. 3) to acknowledge that many of the conflicts of the Middle East arebetter understood with an accountingof national identity issues. A "stateless nation" is a nation of people who self-identify as a common national group, but who do not have their own political state. Many of the nation states of the Middle East formed their national consciousness after the establishment of their state, however. Captive nations are trapped in highly discriminatory situations, still inhabiting ancestral homeland but bereft of many rights and legal protections. See the UNPO Unrepresented Nations & Peoples Organisation. Essentially, it refers to a people without a state. It was a defeat for the Church, but a victory for increased individualism in regard to spirituality and group belonging. The key aspect to be aware of is that the identity of the most powerful group of the country which is usually also the majority group but not always doesnt represent the entire population. Other examples include many indigenous peoples that have been manoeuvred into minority status in their home countries by colonial powers. Some 10,000 to 20,000 live in Italy without Italian citizenship. Imagine you're from a minority ethnic group that has been oppressed for centuries. It's unclear how long the Rohingya have lived in Myanmar. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. The Impact of Imperialism on the Region, Part 6. Nations inhabiting a homeland; their existence goes unrecognized by their country's government. Nation States and Stateless Nations, Part 8. Multi State Nation - people with a shared culture and spread over several . In Macedonia, an estimated 110,000 to 200,000 more Roma struggle to find work, health care and housing without the necessary citizenship papers, even though Roma families have now lived there in exile for generations. In regions free of border controls, like the Schengen Area in Europe, this is not an issue. Well give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery in AP Human Geography. The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. Another . Historically occupied the. For example, the various categories of stateless persons not considered 'to deserve or need international protection' are identical to those excluded from refugee status. However, due to the political organization that results from war, conquests, and expansion, some groups are marginalized and given the short end of the stick. Japan, Iceland, Denmark). They were stripped of their nationality on February 9 and 15. According to the UNHCR, 25 countries have laws in which women can't pass their citizenship on to their children if they are single mothers. How many stateless nations are there? (Conflicts often ensue.) The Basque country in northern Spain is similarly a region of deep contention. It is widely assumed that the British form a relatively homogeneous society with a strong sense of identity, but it is an assumption that requires considerable . For example, Arab-majority countries of the Middle East all share Arab identity, language and heritage, although they have very different national identities. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. Devine.[8]. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of . The GPFG, for example, still holds investments of over 1.38 billion NOK in the German utility RWE. National identity is therefore a complicated topic in the context of the Middle East. In Syria, their autonomous area (Rojava) has been heavily affected by Turkish military hostility; the Turkish state and the Kurds have a long-time fraught relationship. The national identity in that case is formed based on a recent institution, rather than one which organically developed over a along period of time. Prayer, A Part of Daily Life for Muslims Around the World, Part 9. Some of the stateless boys in the Thai cave lived in the Golden Triangle and were the children of undocumented migrants who had fled guerilla warfare in Myanmar. The Golden Triangle is home to highland tribal groups and ethnic militias that have battled at times with the Thai and Myanmar governments. There are also numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. These cases typically have involved violent or deceptive removal tactics such as those used historically by the US. Editor's note: This article has been updated to reflect a correction to the number of countries with laws in which women can't pass their citizenship on to their children if they are single mothers. Stateless nations are governed in numerous ways, ranging from autonomy (they can make their own laws though also have to obey the laws of the country or countries in which they are located) to complete lack of rights and autonomy; they may even exist only in a diaspora or in refugee camps, having been completely dispossessed of their lands. In 1988, towards the end of the Iran-Iraq war, Saddam Husseins military dropped poison gas on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing some 5,000 people. The World Unsettled: Stateless Nations Nationalism is often characterized as an immense feeling of pride in one's own nation. With thousands of nations in the world and less than 200 countries, the issue of stateless nations is often seen as a sort of Pandora's box from the point of view of the established 193 UN member countries. Kurdish populations are spread between four countries (Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran) in all of which they live as (sometimes persecuted) minorities. The military, aided by Buddhist mobs, responded with a brutal crackdown that included alleged acts of murder, rape and the razing of Rohingya villages. Have their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden & Finland but Sami groups seek more territorial autonomy. For example, a child born in a foreign country can risk becoming stateless if that country does not permit nationality based on birth alone and if the country of origin does not allow a parent to pass on nationality to children born abroad. Describe three political or cultural consequences of superimposed boundaries in Africa. HAVANA TIMES - The government of Daniel Ortega and Rosario Murillo began to delete the records of those insured in the Nicaraguan Institute of Social Security (INSS), to execute the illegal confiscation of their old-age pensions, starting February 20, confirmed ten of those affected. The Tibetan nation ruled a powerful empire from the 600s-800s AD. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. Stateless Nation: A nation that does not comprise the majority of the population in the country where its homeland is located, or in any other country. For a more detailed explanation, see: Sensoy & Diangelo (2012). Keep reading to learn more about the terminology of a stateless nation, the significance, and more. [92], This article is about a nation lacking a nation state. Part 4. The government of Daniel Ortega and Rosario Murillo began to delete the records of those insured in the Nicaraguan Institute of Social Security (INSS), to execute the illegal confiscation of their old-age pensions, starting February 20, confirmed ten of those affected. As a result, they feel resentment and act out in violence, and some of the biggest conflict hotbeds in the world are because of stateless nations. The Kurdish people are probably the best-known (and largest) stateless nation, but you've probably also heard of other stateless groups, like the persecuted Rohingya in Myanmar and the Palestinians. American Unilateralism and the Middle East, Part 17. Most are found only in their respective countries. Are you a teacher or administrator interested in boosting AP Human Geography student outcomes? One example of a stateless nation is the Kurds, who are an ethnic group native to the Middle East and are spread across parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. 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